1.  Why is the model called social force model?

The "social force" is not a real physical force. It is an empirical mathematical tool that is applied to achieve the correct behavior. To put this into a broader physics perspective, experimental nuclear physics has many such empirical "form factors" and multipliers, which work well. Our 2000 paper combines this fictitious force with real physical forces (compression and friction), so we have real physical forces and non-real (non-physical) "forces" in the same equation. The accelerations computed from the steering "force" or the self-propeling "force" never actually occur physically. They are fictitious quantities used by the model. The only real physical quantity is the vectorial sum of forces, and this gives the acceleration of the particle (pedestrian) using  \mathbf{F}=m \mathbf{a}.

2.  How did you select the parameters of the model?

First of all, we tried to keep values realistic: \tau=0.1s  or  0.5s  reaction time, v_0=1m/s or  5m/s  preferred speed, m=80kg pedestrian mass. Second, for the value of the force causing damage to the pedestrians (around 4kN) we looked into the engineering literature. Third, regarding the parameters A, B,  k  and  \kappa  of Eq.(2) in Helbing et al (Nature 2000) - and all other parameters as well - our model was an over-simplified model aiming to reproduce phenomena found in reality.

3.  The model is continuous in space and time. What was the time step of the numerical integration?

The simulation code used for our paper in 2000 applied an adaptive time step size in the following way. The simulation uses three technical parameters: a default time step (DefaultDeltaT=0.01), VelocChangeLimit=0.01 and TimeStepMultiplier=0.95. Before each simulation update the acceleration of each particle is computed and the time step is set to  \Delta t =DefaultDeltaT. Next, the value of  \Delta t  is determined iteratively (with a "while" loop). As long as (i.e., while) the acceleration of any particle multiplied by the time step exceeds the parameter VelocChangeLimit, the time step is multiplied by TimeStepMultiplier. In other words,  \Delta t  is found by decreasing it in multiplicative steps of TimeStepMultiplier to the highest value fulfilling the "velocity change limit" condition. In summary, the applied integration method is a forward Euler integration with adaptive time step size.

4.  What are the preferred directions in a room with one exit?

The preferred direction of a pedestrian (particle) is the direction of its self-propelling. In the case of the room with a single exit denote the diameter of a particle (pedestrian) by  d . Connect the two end points of the exit and mark the two points that are within the doorway  d/2 away from the door's two end points. At these two points draw two long lines (reaching inside the room) that are perpendicular to the line of the exit. If a particle (a disk) is entirely between these two long lines, then -- in the simulation code -- its preferred direction of motion points perpendicularly towards the line of the exit (i.e., parallel to the two long lines). If a particle is not entirely within the "central" stripe defined by these two long lines, but it does not touch the wall, then its preferred direction of motion will point toward a little inside the nearer doorpost such that one of the two lines parallel to this direction and touching the particle will pass through the point of the nearer doorpost. If a particle touches the wall, then its preferred direction of motion will be parallel to the wall and pointing toward the exit. Note that two-dimensional vectorial coordinates and geometry are used for the actual mathematical formulae that the program implements. Two further comments: (i) the original code uses "float" precision, but currently "double" is better and (ii) for numerical reasons  d  was often replaced by  d + 10^{-5} .